German Art Songs in Which a Poem Is Set to Music for Piano and Voice Lieder Meaning

Song music composition, usually written for one voice with piano accompaniment

Bar 5 of Schubert'southward fine art song entitled Nacht und Träume. The vocal part, including the melody notes and the text, is in the top stave. The two staves below are the piano office.

An art song is a Western vocal music composition, commonly written for i voice with piano accompaniment, and usually in the classical art music tradition. By extension, the term "fine art song" is used to refer to the collective genre of such songs (eastward.g., the "fine art song repertoire").^[1] An art song is most often a musical setting of an independent verse form or text,^[1] "intended for the concert repertory"^[2] "equally part of a recital or other relatively formal social occasion".^[3] While many pieces of vocal music are easily recognized as art songs, others are more hard to categorize. For example, a wordless vocalise written by a classical composer is sometimes considered an art song^[1] and sometimes not.^[4]

Other factors help define art songs:

Songs that are function of a staged piece of work (such as an aria from an opera or a song from a musical) are not usually considered art songs.^[5] However, some Bizarre arias that "appear with dandy frequency in recital performance"^[5] are now included in the fine art song repertoire.
Songs with instruments as well piano (e.1000., cello and piano) and/or other singers are referred to as "vocal chamber music", and are usually not considered fine art songs.^[6]
Songs originally written for voice and orchestra are called "orchestral songs" and are not usually considered art songs, unless their original version was for solo voice and piano.^[7]
Folk songs and traditional songs are generally not considered art songs, unless they are art music-style concert arrangements with piano accessory written past a specific composer^[8] Several examples of these songs include Aaron Copland's two volumes of Old American Songs, the Folksong arrangements by Benjamin Britten,^[9] and the Siete canciones populares españolas (Seven Spanish Folksongs) by Manuel de Falla.
There is no agreement regarding sacred songs. Many song settings of biblical or sacred texts were composed for the concert stage and not for religious services; these are widely known equally art songs (for example, the Vier ernste Gesänge past Johannes Brahms). Other sacred songs may or may non be considered fine art songs.^[x]
A group of fine art songs composed to exist performed in a group to grade a narrative or dramatic whole is chosen a vocal bike.

Languages and nationalities [edit]

Art songs have been composed in many languages, and are known by several names. The German tradition of art song composition is perhaps the most prominent one; it is known every bit Lieder. In France, the term mélodie distinguishes fine art songs from other French vocal pieces referred to as chansons. The Spanish canción and the Italian canzone refer to songs generally and not specifically to art songs.

Class [edit]

The composer'south musical language and interpretation of the text frequently dictate the formal pattern of an fine art song. If all of the poem's verses are sung to the aforementioned music, the song is strophic. Arrangements of folk songs are often strophic,^[1] and "there are infrequent cases in which the musical repetition provides dramatic irony for the changing text, or where an near hypnotic monotony is desired."^[1] Several of the songs in Schubert's Die schöne Müllerin are skillful examples of this. If the vocal tune remains the aforementioned but the accompaniment changes nether information technology for each verse, the piece is chosen a "modified strophic" song. In contrast, songs in which "each section of the text receives fresh music"^[1] are chosen through-composed. Most through-composed works have some repetition of musical material in them. Many art songs utilize some version of the ABA form (too known as "song course" or "ternary form"), with a start musical section, a contrasting heart department, and a return to the start section's music. In some cases, in the render to the kickoff department's music, the composer may make minor changes.

Performance and performers [edit]

Performance of art songs in recital requires special skills for both the vocalizer and pianist. The caste of intimacy "seldom equaled in other kinds of music"^[one] requires that the ii performers "communicate to the audience the most subtle and evanescent emotions every bit expressed in the verse form and music".^[one] The two performers must agree on all aspects of the performance to create a unified partnership, making fine art song functioning one of the "most sensitive type(s) of collaboration".^[one] Also, the pianist must be able to closely match the mood and grapheme expressed by the vocalizer. Even though classical vocalists generally embark on successful performing careers as soloists by seeking out opera engagements, a number of today's most prominent singers have congenital their careers primarily past singing art songs, including Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Thomas Quasthoff, Ian Bostridge, Matthias Goerne, Wolfgang Holzmair, Susan Graham and Elly Ameling. Pianists, too, have specialized in playing fine art songs with keen singers. Gerald Moore, Geoffrey Parsons, Graham Johnson, Dalton Baldwin, Hartmut Höll and Martin Katz are six such pianists who have specialized in accompanying art vocal performances. The piano parts in art songs tin can be then complex that the piano function is not actually a subordinate accompaniment part; the pianist in challenging art songs is more than of an equal partner with the solo vocalist. Equally such, some pianists who specialize in performing art song recitals with singers refer to themselves as "collaborative pianists", rather than as accompanists.

Composers [edit]

British [edit]

John Dowland
Thomas Campion
William Byrd
Thomas Morley
Henry Purcell
Hubert Parry
Frederick Delius
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Roger Quilter
John Ireland
Ivor Gurney
Peter Warlock
Michael Head
Madeleine Dring
Gerald Finzi
Jonathan Dove
Benjamin Britten
Morfydd Llwyn Owen
Michael Tippett
Ian Venables
Judith Weir
George Butterworth
Francis George Scott
Rebecca Clarke

American [edit]

Austrian and High german [edit]

Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven
Franz Schubert
Felix Mendelssohn
Fanny Mendelssohn
Robert Schumann
Clara Schumann
Carl Loewe
Johannes Brahms
Hugo Wolf
Gustav Mahler
Richard Strauss
Alexander von Zemlinsky
Arnold Schoenberg
Anton Webern
Alban Berg
Erich Wolfgang Korngold
Viktor Ullmann
Hanns Eisler
Kurt Weill
Paul Hindemith
Wilhelm Killmayer
Josephine Lang
Emilie Mayer

French [edit]

Hector Berlioz
Charles Gounod
Pauline Viardot
César Franck
Camille Saint-Saëns
Georges Bizet
Emmanuel Chabrier
Henri Duparc
Jules Massenet
Gabriel Fauré
Claude Debussy
Erik Satie
Maurice Ravel
Lili Boulanger
Nadia Boulanger
Albert Roussel
Reynaldo Hahn
Darius Milhaud
Francis Poulenc
Olivier Messiaen
Henri Dutilleux
Cécile Chaminade

Romanaian [edit]

George Enescu
Dinu Lipatti
Pascal Bentoiu
Irina Hasnaș

Spanish [edit]

Latin American [edit]

Italian [edit]

Claudio Monteverdi
Barbara Strozzi
Gioachino Rossini
Gaetano Donizetti
Vincenzo Bellini
Francesca Caccini
Giuseppe Verdi
Amilcare Ponchielli
Paolo Tosti
Ottorino Respighi
Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco
Luciano Berio
Lorenzo Ferrero

Eastern European [edit]

Franz Liszt – Hungary (nigh all his fine art song settings are of texts in non-Hungarian European languages, such equally French and German)
Antonín Dvořák – Bohemia
Leoš Janáček – Bohemia (Czechoslovakia)
Béla Bartók – Hungary
Zoltán Kodály – Hungary
Frédéric Chopin – Poland
Stanisław Moniuszko – Poland

Nordic [edit]

Edvard Grieg – Kingdom of norway (set German also as Norse and Danish poetry)
Jean Sibelius – Finland (set up both Finnish and Swedish)
Yrjö Kilpinen – Finland
Wilhelm Stenhammar – Sweden
Hugo Alfvén – Sweden
Carl Nielsen – Kingdom of denmark

Russian [edit]

Mikhail Glinka
Alexander Borodin
César Cui
Nikolai Medtner
Small-scale Mussorgsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Alexander Glazunov
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Sergei Prokofiev
Igor Stravinsky
Dmitri Shostakovich

Ukrainian [edit]

Vasyl Barvinsky^[11]
Stanyslav Lyudkevych^[11]
Mykola Lysenko
Nestor Nyzhankivsky
Ostap Nyzhankivsky
Denys Sichynsky^[eleven]
Myroslav Skoryk
Ihor Sonevytsky
Yakiv Stepovy
Kyrylo Stetsenko

Asian [edit]

Nicanor Abelardo – Philippines
Ananda Sukarlan – Indonesia

Afrikaans [edit]

Jellmar Ponticha
Stephanus Le Roux Marais

Arabic [edit]

Iyad Kanaan – Lebanese republic

Footnotes [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Meister, An Introduction to the Art Song, pp. 11–17.
^ Art Song, Grove Online
^ Randel, Harvard Dictionary of Music, p. 61
^ Kimball, Introduction, p. xiii
^ ^a ^b Kimball, p. xiv
^ Meister calls information technology "a variety of art song" (p. xiii); Kimball does non include these works in her study of art songs.(p. fourteen)
^ Meister, p. 14, and Kimball, p. fourteen
^ Meister refers to them as a "hybrid medium", p. fourteen
^ Benjamin Britten, Complete Folksong Arrangements (61 Songs), edited by Richard Walters, Boosey & Hawkes #M051933747, ISBN 1423421566
^ Neither Meister nor Kimball mention sacred songs by and large, but both discuss the Brahms songs and selected other works in their books on art vocal.
^ ^a ^b ^c Composers – Ukrainian Art Song Projection Archived 2015-04-16 at the Wayback Automobile

References [edit]

Draayer, Suzanne (2009), Art Song Composers of Spain: An Encyclopedia, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Printing, ISBN 978-0-8108-6362-0
Draayer, Suzanne (2003), A Vocaliser'southward Guide to the Songs of Joaquín Rodrigo, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0-8108-4827-6
Kimball, Carol (2005), Song: A Guide to Art Song Way and Literature, revised edition, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard, ISBN978-1-4234-1280-9
Meister, Barbara (1980), An Introduction to the Fine art Song, New York, New York: Taplinger, ISBN0-8008-8032-3
Randel, Don Michael (2003), The Harvard Lexicon of Music, Harvard Academy Press, p. 61, ISBN0-674-01163-5 , retrieved 2012-10-22
Villamil, Victoria Etnier (1993), A Vocalist'due south Guide to the American Art Song (2004 paperback ed.), Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Printing, ISBN0-8108-5217-9

External links [edit]

Hampsong Foundation
Joy In Singing
The LiederNet Archive - texts to over 165,000 song works with over 35,000 translations
Art Song Central
The Art Song Project
The African American Art Vocal Alliance
Art Song Composers of Kingdom of spain
Canadian Fine art Song Project
Latin American Art Song Alliance
Ukrainian Fine art Song Project
Ukrainian art songs. Audio files.
Hispasong.com Spanish song music, in English.
Art Song Colorado
Canciones de España—Songs of Nineteenth-Century Kingdom of spain [one]
lottelehmannleague.org/singing-sins-archive (archived Hawaii Public Radio broadcasts almost arts songs)